BACKGROUND: The STROOP Color-Word TEST is a classic instrument for the assessment of selective attention and inhibition control and is a highly utilized instrument in research aspects of executive functions of the brain. The purpose of the present study was a preliminary standardization of STROOP TEST among Iranian bilingual adolescents.METHODS: In this study, 150 subjects, including three groups of adolescents (12-13, 14-15, and 16-17-year-olds) were randomly selected. Also, 30 subjects with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were selected for the study of differential validity. The instruments of this study were Victoria STROOP Color- Word TEST and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ).RESULTS: Correlation coeffecients by TEST-reTEST in STROOP TEST for reaction times of three cards and reaction time interference were 0.86, 0.86, 0.93, and 0.64; and for errors of three cards and error interference were 0.67, 0.37, 0.81, and 0.75 respectively. All of the corellations were significant. Differential validity by comparing ADHD and control group showed that there were significant differences among groups. The results of age effect in STROOP variables showed that there were significant differences between age groups in reaction time of all cards and error of the first and third cards; but sex did not show any significant effect on STROOP variables.CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that reaction time and error of almost all cards of STROOP TEST are reliable and also have a good differential validity to discriminate ADHD from healthy controls in Iranian bilingual adolescents. Based on our findings, age but not sex is influential on performance of STROOP TEST.

Background and Aim: Age related changes in cognitive functioning have been shown to vary depending on the task used. Thus, the study aimed to compare the responses of young and older adults to an auditory STROOP TEST that asse-ssed spatial (responses to location of the stimuli) and semantic (responses to meaning of the sti-muli) localization. Methods: The “, Auditory spatial and semantic localization STROOP TEST”, , developed as a part of the study was administered on 30 young adults aged 18 to 30 years and 30 older adults aged 58 to 70 years having normal hearing. The res-ponse accuracy and reaction time of the parti-cipants were determined for the words “, right”, , “, left”, , “, front”, , and “, back. ”,Results: The older adults had significantly poo-rer response accuracy and reaction time than the young adults for both spatial and semantic loca-lization tasks. Within each participant group, semantic localization had better response accu-racy than spatial localization, while such diffe-rences in reaction time were found only in the older adults. In both groups, a congruency effect was seen for spatial but not for semantic loca-lization when response accuracy was calculated, whereas it was observed only for semantic and not for spatial localization when reaction time was measured. Conclusion: The auditory STROOP TEST, which measures stimulus interference and cognitive skills, could be used as a simple tool to assess the same for stimuli presented through the audi-tory modality. This would be especially helpful in older adults who may demonstrate cognitive decline with ageing to auditory stimuli.

Background: The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of cognitive-metacognitive strategies on information processing speed based on the result of STROOP TEST on students with specific learning difficulties. Method: The research method was pre and post-TEST experimental plan with control group. The target population of the research included all fourth, fifth and sixth grade students with specific learning disabilities in specific learning school of Omid in the academic year of 2016-17. (N=76). Sample for the research was 36 students (both genders) with math learning disability, which were selected using systematic random sampling. Tools used for gathering data included: Researcher-made questionnaire, Raven's IQ TEST, Iranian Keymath TEST and STROOP TEST. Experimental group received 10 sessions of cognitive-metacognitive strategies and control group did not. Results: The results of multivariate analysis of variance (MACNOVA) showed that automatic and controlled information processing (response time index, number of correct responses and error response) is different in experimental group after cognitive-metacognitive intervention(P≥ 0/001). Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, it can be concluded that cognitive-metacognitive strategies based intervention was effective in improving information processing. These interventions are recommended to be exploited.

Executive dysfunction theory in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) is expalins many features of the disorders in social and non-social areas. The purpose of the present research was examining the ability of response inhibition in children with ASD using a computerized STROOP TEST. Convenient sampling method was used for selecting 15 boys with ASD, the participants had a minimum an IQ>=70 and were connected to a specialized autism center in Mashhad. 15 normal children, from a local primary school, were also selected as a comparison group, who were matched on their age and gender. Results, using MANCOVA, indicated that there was a significant difference between groups in the STROOP TEST’s response indices, i.e., error rates and reaction time on the congruent stimuli, with the ASD children performing poorer than the normal children. However, the children did not differ from each other on their reaction times to the incongruent stimuli nor on their interference scores.

Objectives This study aimed to compare the STROOP TEST scores between older adults with and without sleep problems in Maragheh, Iran. Methods This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. Using a convenience sampling method, 100 older adults aged ≥58 years referred to the adult day care centers in Maragheh City, East Azerbaijan province, Iran in 2023, were selected. Based on the sleep quality index score, they were divided into two groups without sleep problems (n=42) and with sleep problems (n=58). Data analysis was conducted in SPSS software, version 24. Results The mean age of older adults without sleep problems was 67±5 years, while it was 66±5 years for older adults with sleep problems. In the STROOP TEST, the results showed that the mean difference between the two groups was significant in the percentage of incorrect answers (P=0. 028) and response time (P=0. 004). The difference in the percentage of correct answers was not significant (P=0. 080). There was a significant relationship between age and STROOP TEST score (P<0. 001), but there was no significant relationship between BMI and STROOP TEST. Conclusion There are impaired inhibitory control and selective attention in older adults with sleep problems. Therefore, sleep quality may be one of the factors affecting executive functions of older adults.